Leadership is one of the most observed and least understood phenomena on earth. James MacGregor Burns (1978, p. 2) T his book aspires to respond to Burns’s decades-old observation about “the crisis. Transformational leadership theory was developed in the late 20th century by Burns (1978) in his analysis of political leaders. Prior to this time much attention had been given to the.

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Technical Details Name(s): Burns Transformational Leadership Theory Author: James MacGregor Burns Classification: Transformational Leadership Theories Year: 1978 Pro's • Burns Transformational Leadership Theory appeals to the 'high road' in developing social values and individual purpose. It is one of, if not the only one with a coherent philosophy underpinning the nature of leadership. • The Theory set apart from the rest of the leadership theories and asks the most fundamental question of what the ultimate goal of leadership is and why one should be a leader.

• Not only is Burns Transformational Leadership Theory transcendent in overall scope, but it may be what is necessary if the human species is counting on saving itself from the numerous potential disasters it faces, such as overpopulation, global warming, and systemic economic collapse. Con's • Burns Transformational Leadership Theory is idealistic and may not be applicable to populations not wanting or able to go beyond just living as they do and maintaining their own status quo. In this case, Burns Transformational Leadership Theory must be coupled with a motivational theory, as well as preparing them emotionally and intellectually. • Burns Transformational Leadership Theory may not work in emergency situations or situations in which tasks are enormously complex and beyond the skill level of the average group member.

• A major issue with Burns Transformational Leadership Theory, is how a transformational leader is to deal with other leaders not so enlightened. Overview Burns Transformational leadership Theory, in other words, Burns focuses upon motivations and values in assessing how a leader approaches power.

This aspect of having that basic ethical system sets leaders apart from those merely aspiring to power. The first, where ethics is first, are people-centric and that latter are ego centric.

Gandhi and Castro would be the ones leading through morality and be transformational, while Hitler and Stalin would represent the ego and be transactional. A transforming leadership is superseded by a transcendent leadership, where the whole leadership process completely changes the character of an individual from being a mere leader to one with a noble ethos, and that leader, accordingly brings the led up into the same atmosphere. One may liken this process to that in Plato's Republic with the philosopher queen/king, Gandhi, Buddha, or Christ. The people are led from the world of shadows and illusion to out in the sunlight where truth presents itself in its own light. Hence, we have an evolution from the most primitive, transactional, or bargaining, leadership, to transformational leadership, and finally to transcendent leadership. The leader guides people with the existing values, goals, capabilities and other resources the followers have through these stages of development. In the transcended individual, values are not simply the underpinning of motives, but the values are internalized and are a part of the person.

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